develop frameworks and legislation, since the people that they represented needed to have empathy and compassion, particularly around those who had to flee their own countries and who were coming looking for support, security, and a life. People were rebelling against this, she said, and immigration weaponised ideas, such as “our country is for us; it's not for anyone else”. This was a big challenge, one that talking about innovation, creativity or AI was never going to give them in terms of empathy and compassion that was needed, and that they all needed to lead on. Ms BRYNJÓLFSDÓTTIR gave the floor to Mr Emanuelis ZINGERIS. Mr ZINGERIS asked how the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe saw a future Congress of the United Nations. He also asked how they saw the possible voting in the General Assembly should they be about the creation of a special tribunal against Russia for its crimes against Ukraine. He also asked if the Prime Minister would touch on the issue of sanctions avoided by every possible country which was not from the democratic world and asked how one fought this avoiding of the sanctions. He thanked the Icelandic presidency again for creating a fantastic opportunity, as a morally-led human rights-favouring country in the world. Ms BRYNJÓLFSDÓTTIR gave the floor to Mr Titus CORLĂŢEAN. Mr CORLĂŢEAN bore in mind the draft convention of artificial intelligence on the agenda with the experts of the Council of Europe, and said it was making a difference. Lawyers between international law and domestic law knew the fact that, in general terms, international law was lacking the third element of the structure of the law, meaning sanctions. There was a vulnerability of international law. They had substance, but not the means, yet, to punish the crime of aggression. They did not have the judiciary or the mechanisms to implement and assure the efficiency and accountability of this domain. The Council of Europe had 200 conventions, but now was the time to codify a fourth generation of fundamental human rights. Artificial intelligence was essential, he said, but alongside technological capabilities and progress, they also needed human dignity and some other elements of human rights when codifying international law and new treaties and a new generation of fundamental human rights: a mechanism implemented to assure a sanction if it was fulfilled. Ms BRYNJÓLFSDÓTTIR turned to Ms Nathalie SMUHA on the need for respect and empathy and compassion, all human elements. She asked how they could safeguard these human elements and, at the same time, safeguard human rights at times when this new technology is moving very fast forward and given all the threats that we are being approached with by AI. Ms SMUHA said it was a difficult question and that that was why she always emphasised the humans behind the system since they were the ones who chose to delegate decisions through those systems. It was crucial in the AI Convention to ensure human oversight, especially over decisions that had an impact on individuals. So was setting clear boundaries, such as not needing AI systems decisions where it could violate human dignity, which Ms SMUHA said was an already established right. Existing human rights needed to be translated to the AI context; this was the exercise they were currently doing, such as assessing a refugee’s right to enter. A human element was needed to preserve a sense of human dignity and compassion, and this Convention could urgently set those clear boundaries. Clear implementation mechanisms were needed for that as well. The Convention needed supervisory authorities in the different States that ensured that these rights were respected, and especially that stakeholders were involved, that citizens had a say, as they were becoming more aware of the impact that AI systems had on their lives. However, they were not yet at the table and discussing when it affected their human dignity, or which type of applications they wanted or did not want in

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