commitments and actions to strengthen trust and democracy. It also welcomes the biennial OECD Trust Survey, which monitors public perceptions of competence and values of public institutions and their relationship with levels of trust in the country.

10. The enlarged Assembly is also extremely worried that, in view of the current extreme poverty rise trend referred to in paragraph 6 above, a projected 575 million people will still be living in extreme poverty and only one-third of countries will have halved their national poverty levels by 2030, pushing the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1 to “end poverty in all its forms everywhere” out of reach. As low- and middle-income countries simultaneously face growing financing needs, spiralling debt and declining available financing for sustainable development, notably in terms of government revenues, their SDG financing gap reached US$3.9 trillion in 2020, a 56% jump from 2019. In this framework, the Community of Practice on Poverty and Inequalities (CoP-PI) of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), a platform developed by OECD to support DAC members in maximising their development co-operation’s focus is a useful tool. The enlarged Assembly urges the international community and especially Council of Europe member States to strengthen international assistance and solidarity, ensuring that support for short-term crises is coupled with a maintained focus and accelerated progress in pursuit of long-term development goals and a fairer global economic order, particularly in support of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable countries.

11. In the same vein, the enlarged Assembly notes that the slowdown of international migration witnessed during the Covid-19 pandemic has been reversed, due to a strong bounce back in economic and administrative activity, the re-opening of borders and the Russian Federation’s war of aggression against Ukraine, which triggered a refugee and humanitarian crisis at a scale unforeseen in Europe since the Second World War. There are also concerns that climate change could spur large-scale movements of people. According to some projections, natural disasters will displace hundreds of millions of people in the coming decades. The impact of climate change on human mobility is difficult to isolate. Climate change is only one of several, often compounded, factors that influence migration and displacement, which include declining or volatile agricultural incomes, shrinking livelihoods, conflicts over natural resources, and rising food insecurity.

12. Alongside the natural disasters, the enlarged Assembly is also concerned about man-made disasters, such as the deliberate destruction of the Kakhovka Dam by the Russian Federation on 6 June 2023. This risks causing extensive damage to the ecosystem, threatens food security, and leads to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people.

13. The polycrises of the last years have forced the re-examination of climate policy design and implementation, bringing new challenges as well as opportunities. Climate change mitigation will require a fundamental, massive and rapid transformation of our economies and energy supply. Strong policies to reduce emissions, improved technologies and large-scale investment will be crucial. The substantial changes implied by a resilient transition to net-zero emissions cannot be seen in isolation from rapidly changing wider circumstances – socially, economically and environmentally. Holistic policies should serve simultaneously the environment and social justice.

14. However, the enlarged Assembly notes that increased long-term climate ambition has not been met with commensurate credible action in the short term. A rapid acceleration in action is still needed if climate goals are to be reached. Avoiding the worst impacts of climate change means reducing emissions globally by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, and to net-zero emissions by 2050, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The urgency of the climate crisis is amplified by the growing risks of crossing climate tipping points. At a certain level of warming, these elements of the global climate system may pass points of no return that would result in irreversible and often abrupt changes to our environment including potentially severe regional or local hazards. The enlarged Assembly fully supports initiatives such as the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches, a recent OECD initiative designed to reduce carbon emissions through better data and information sharing, evidence-based mutual learning and inclusive multilateral dialogue. Especially useful are also the OECD’s other two flagship initiatives on climate and economic resilience, the “Net Zero+” project and the International Programme for Action on Climate. The enlarged Assembly welcomes the OECD's firm commitment to the fight against climate change and poverty by hosting the Secretariat of the Paris Pact for People and Planet, which will be responsible for implementing the ambitious roadmap drawn up at the Summit for a New Global Financial Pact in Paris in June 2023. The enormous damage caused to the environment as a result of the war of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine also requires the creation of an international mechanism for providing compensation and holding the aggressor accountable for the damage caused to the environment. The Register of Damage created under the auspices by the Council of Europe should become one of the key elements of this mechanism.

II SÉRIE-D — NÚMERO 19 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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