Debates Parlamentares - Diário 016, p. 64 (2024-01-18)

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Resolution 2509 (2023)1Provisional version

Transnational repression as a growing threat to the rule of law and human rights

Parliamentary Assembly

1. The assassination and dismemberment of a Saudi journalist, Jamal Khashoggi, inside Saudi Arabia’sconsulate in Istanbul in October 2018 brought transnational repression to light as a global phenomenon. TheParliamentary Assembly notes that there are four main methods of transnational repression:

1.1. direct attacks by which an origin State carries out a targeted physical attack against an individual abroad, such as assassinations, assaults, disappearances, physical intimidation, and violent forced renditions;

1.2. co-opting other countries to act against a target through detention, unlawful deportation, and other types of forced renditions, which are authorised through pro forma but meaningless legal procedures. This method includes misuse of Interpol Red Notices, extradition proceedings, and other forms of interstate legal assistance such as anti-money laundering and anti-terror financing measures;

1.3. mobility impediments such as passport cancellation and denial of consular services, preventing the target from travelling or causing them to be detained;

1.4. threats from a distance, including online intimidation or surveillance and coercion by proxy, in which a person’s family, loved one, or business partner is threatened, imprisoned, or otherwise targeted.

2. Reportedly, the number of incidents of physical transnational repression committed since 2014 hasreached 854 by the end of 2022. These acts were committed by 38 governments in 91 countries around theworld. The most prolific perpetrators of transnational repression are, according to the non-governmentalorganisation Freedom House, the governments of China, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Egypt and Tajikistan.

3. The Assembly is alarmed about the number and gravity of acts of transnational repression committed inEurope, including on the territory of some member States. The most egregious example is the state-sponsored programme to pursue dissidents abroad implemented by the Russian Federation, which includesnotorious targeted assassinations, such as the poisoning and killing of former intelligence officer AlexanderLitvinenko in 2006 and the poisoning and attempted assassination of former intelligence officer Sergei Skripaland his daughter Yulia in 2018 (also known as the “Salisbury attack”); both occurred in the United Kingdom.With regard to Mr Litvinenko’s targeted assassination, the European Court of Human Rights (“the Court”)found in 2021 that the Russian Federation was responsible for the violation of his right to life under Article 2 ofthe European Convention on Human Rights (ETS No. 5, “the Convention”), after having established that thetwo persons who poisoned him in the United Kingdom were Russian agents. Furthermore, there is strongevidence connecting attacks and killings targeting Chechen dissidents living abroad to the Chechen Republicand its head, Ramzan Kadyrov.

1. Assembly debate on 23 June 2023 (19th sitting) (see Doc. 15787, report of the Committee on Legal Affairs andHuman Rights, rapporteur: Sir Christopher Chope). Text adopted by the Assembly on 23 June 2023 (19th sitting).

See also Recommendation 2257 (2023).

https://pace.coe.int

II SÉRIE-D — NÚMERO 16_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Resolution 2509 (2023)1Provisional versionTransnational repression as a growing threat to the rule of law and human rightsParliamentary Assembly1. The assassination and dismemberment of a Saudi journalist, Jamal Khashoggi, inside Saudi Arabia’sconsulate in Istanbul in October 2018 brought transnational repression to light as a global phenomenon. TheParliamentary Assembly notes that there are four main methods of transnational repression:1.1. direct attacks by which an origin State carries out a targeted physical attack against an individual abroad, such as assassinations, assaults, disappearances, physical intimidation, and violent forced renditions;1.2. co-opting other countries to act against a target through detention, unlawful deportation, and other types of forced renditions, which are authorised through pro forma but meaningless legal procedures. This method includes misuse of Interpol Red Notices, extradition proceedings, and other forms of interstate legal assistance such as anti-money laundering and anti-terror financing measures;1.3. mobility impediments such as passport cancellation and denial of consular services, preventing the target from travelling or causing them to be detained;1.4. threats from a distance, including online intimidation or surveillance and coercion by proxy, in which a person’s family, loved one, or business partner is threatened, imprisoned, or otherwise targeted.2. Reportedly, the number of incidents of physical transnational repression committed since 2014 hasreached 854 by the end of 2022. These acts were committed by 38 governments in 91 countries around theworld. The most prolific perpetrators of transnational repression are, according to the non-governmentalorganisation Freedom House, the governments of China, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Egypt and Tajikistan.3. The Assembly is alarmed about the number and gravity of acts of transnational repression committed inEurope, including on the territory of some member States. The most egregious example is the state-sponsored programme to pursue dissidents abroad implemented by the Russian Federation, which includesnotorious targeted assassinations, such as the poisoning and killing of former intelligence officer AlexanderLitvinenko in 2006 and the poisoning and attempted assassination of former intelligence officer Sergei Skripaland his daughter Yulia in 2018 (also known as the “Salisbury attack”); both occurred in the United Kingdom.With regard to Mr Litvinenko’s targeted assassination, the European Court of Human Rights (“the Court”)found in 2021 that the Russian Federation was responsible for the violation of his right to life under Article 2 ofthe European Convention on Human Rights (ETS No. 5, “the Convention”), after having established that thetwo persons who poisoned him in the United Kingdom were Russian agents. Furthermore, there is strongevidence connecting attacks and killings targeting Chechen dissidents living abroad to the Chechen Republicand its head, Ramzan Kadyrov.1. Assembly debate on 23 June 2023 (19th sitting) (see Doc. 15787, report of the Committee on Legal Affairs andHuman Rights, rapporteur: Sir Christopher Chope). Text adopted by the Assembly on 23 June 2023 (19th sitting).See also Recommendation 2257 (2023). https://pace.coe.int II SÉRIE-D — NÚMERO 16_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________64

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