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Recommendation 2290 (2025)1Provisional version

Multiperspectivity in remembrance and history education for democratic citizenship

Parliamentary Assembly1. The Parliamentary Assembly, referring to its Resolution 2584 (2025) “Multiperspectivity inremembrance and history education for democratic citizenship”, underscores that history education is key toenabling democratic debate and sustaining and strengthening pluralism and democratic values in society.Moreover, multiperspectivity and the appropriate handling of controversial and sensitive issues in historylessons can be a powerful tool to support peace and reconciliation in societies. By learning about difficulthistory from the angle of human rights and democracy, using interactive and co-operative learningmethodologies, young people will gain confidence and competency in discussing complex and controversialhistorical events affecting their communities and societies from a multi-perspective and nuanced point of view.

2. The Assembly welcomes the political momentum provided by the 2023 Standing Conference ofMinisters of Education for the renewal of the civic mission of education, and emphasises that the Council ofEurope guiding principles for quality history education and the Reference Framework of Competences forDemocratic Culture are excellent tools to be further promoted and broadly implemented in member States aspart of the new Council of Europe Education Strategy 2024-2030 “Learners First – Education for Today’s andTomorrow’s Democratic Societies” and the European Space for Citizenship Education.

3. The Assembly considers that education for democratic citizenship should be part of school curriculaboth as a distinct compulsory subject, and as part and parcel of other relevant subjects, such as historyteaching, during all stages of formal education (primary, secondary, and higher education), as well as invocational training and non-formal education. Partnerships between formal and non-formal education –including sites of remembrance, museums, archives, audio-visual sector, civil society, and artists – canprovide valuable opportunities for teachers and learners to co-create history lessons and exercisecompetences for democratic culture outside a formal setting.

4. The Assembly accordingly recommends that the Committee of Ministers:

4.1. support the different Council of Europe activities relating to history education, ensuring synergiesbetween the different strands of the intergovernmental programme and the Observatory on HistoryTeaching in Europe; and encourage all member States which have not yet done so to join theObservatory;

4.2. encourage creating further links and transversality between the Council of Europe activities onculture, heritage, education and youth;

4.3. provide support and assistance to member States in reviewing their education policies andintegrating in national education curricula the Council of Europe guiding principles for history educationand the Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture.

1. Assembly debate on 29 January 2025 (5th sitting) (see Doc. 16090, report of the Committee on Culture, Science,Education and Media, rapporteur: Ms Luz Martinez Seijo). Text adopted by the Assembly on 29 January 2025 (5th sitting).

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