636-(10)

II SÉRIE-A — NÚMERO 35

that these must be exercised in accordance with and subject

to the rules of international law.

2) Without affecting the objectives of promoting access to energy resources, and exploration and development thereof on a commercial basis, the Treaty shall in no way

prejudice the rules in Contracting Parties governing the system of property ownership of energy resources.

3) Each state continues to hold in particular the rights to decide the geographical areas within its area to be made available for exploration and development of its energy resources, the optimal ization of their recovery and the rate at which they may be depleted or otherwise exploited, to specify and enjoy any taxes, royalties or other financial payments payable by virtue of such exploration and exploitation, and to regulate the environmental and safety aspects of such exploration, development and reclamation within its area, and to participate in such exploration and exploitation, inter alia, through direct participation by the government or through state enterprises.

4) The Contracting Parties undertake to facilitate access to energy resources, inter alia, by allocating in a nondiscriminatory manner on the basis of published criteria authorizations, licences, concessions and contracts to prospect and explore for or to exploit or extract energy resources.

Article 19

Environmental aspects

1) In pursuit of sustainable development and taking into account its obligations under those international agreements concerning the environment to which it is party, each Contracting Party shall strive to minimize in an economically efficient manner harmful environmental impacts occurring either within or outside its area from all operations within the energy cycle in its area, taking proper account of safety. In doing so each Contracting Party shall act in a cost-effective manner. In its policies and actions each Contracting Party shall strive to take precautionary measures to prevent or minimize environmental degradation. The Contracting Parties agree that the polluter in the areas of Contracting Parties, should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, including transboundary pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting investment in the energy cycle or international trade. Contracting Parties shall accordingly:

a) Take account of environmental considerations throughout the formulation and implementation of their energy policies;

b) Promote market-oriented price formation and a fuller reflection of environmental costs and benefits throughout the energy cycle;

c) Having regard to article 34, 4), encourage cooperation in the attainment of the environmental objectives of the Charter and cooperation in the field of international environmental standards for the energy cycle, taking into account differences in adverse effects and abatement costs between Contracting Parties;

d) Have particular regard to improving energy efficiency, to developing and using renewable energy sources, to promoting the use of cleaner fuels and to employing technologies and technological means that reduce pollution;

e) Promote the collection and sharing among Con-' trading Parties of information on environmentally

sound and economically efficient energy policies and cost-effective practices and technologies;

f) Promote public awareness of the environmental impacts of energy systems, of the scope for the prevention or abatement of their adverse environmental impacts, and of the costs associated with various prevention or abatement measures;

g) Promote and cooperate in the research, development and application of energy efficient and environmentally sound technologies, practises and processes which will minimize harmful environmental impacts of all aspects of the energy cycle in an economically efficient manner;

h) Encourage favourable conditions for the transfer and dissemination of such technologies consistent with the adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights;

i) Promote the transparent assessment at an early stage and prior to decision, and subsequent monitoring, of environmental impacts of environmentally significant energy investment projects;

j) Promote international awareness and information exchange on Contracting Parties relevant environmental programmes and standards and on the implementation of those programmes and standards;

k) Participate, upon request, and within their available resources, in the development and implementation of appropriate environmental programmes in the Contracting Parties.

2) At the request of one or more Contracting Parties, disputes concerning the application or interpretation of provisions of this article shall, to the extent that arrangements for the consideration of such disputes do t\ca exist in other appropriate international fora, be reviewed by the Charter Conference aiming at a solution.

3) For the purposes of this article:

d) «Energy cycle» means the entire energy chain, including activities related to prospecting for, exploration, production, conversion, storage, transport, distribution and consumption of the various forms of energy, and the treatment and disposal of wastes, as well as the decommissioning, cessation or closure of these activities, rrunimizing harmful environmental impacts;

b) «Environmental impact» means any effect caused by a given activity on the environment, including human health and safety, flora, fauna, soil, air, water, climate, landscape and historical monuments or other physical structures or the interactions among these factors; it also includes effects on cultural heritage or socitf-economic conditions resulting from alterations to those factors;

c) «Improving energy efficiency* means acting to maintain the same unit of output (of a good or service) without reducing the quality or performance of the output, while reducing the amount of energy required to produce that output;

d) «Cost-effective» means to achieve a defined objective at the \owest cost or to achieve the greatest benefit at a given cost.