individual rights and collective rights.51 We need to recognize the tensions between these spheres in order to go beyond a fragmented view of the exercise of rights and understand the web of realities in which individuals participate. Legislation, policies and actions that adopt an intersectoral approach promote the inclusion of historically excluded groups and sectors by taking into account dimensions that allow for a deeper understanding of the complex and multidimensional reality of social inequalities and discrimination and by ensuring more sustainable, resilient, nutritious and productive agrifood systems.52

Reducing deforestationSeveral plans have been drafted to reduce deforestation. These include the Interministerial Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon, introduced in Brazil. This has led to a greater ability to respond to deforestation alerts and involved coordinated efforts by ministries, the federal police, the army and the public prosecutor's office.53,54. This plan, in conjunction with private sector programmes, succeeded in decreasing the Amazon’s deforestation rate from 2.78 Mha/year to 0.75 Mha/year between 2004 and 200955 (Mbow et al., 2019). Other countries introduced similar schemes.56

Soil remediationOne way to slow agricultural expansion is to increase yields through sustainable intensification. The Incentive System for the Agroenvironmental Sustainability of Agricultural Soils in Chile is a good example of this. This aims to recover the productive potential of degraded agricultural soils and maintain the levels of improvement achieved. The subsidized management plans under this system include technical advice, labour and inputs. The results have been marginally encouraging.57

Responsible investment in agricultureResponsible investment in agriculture is essential for improving food security and nutrition. It also benefits sustainable livelihood management, the environment and communities.58 It is based on 10 principles to support sustainable economic development, boost the participation of youth, respect tenure, and access to productive resources, among others.Policies related to these principles include the Law for the Promotion of Private Investment in Irrigation and Drainage Works59 in Chile. This has allowed expansion of the area through hi-tech irrigation schemes. Small-scale producers have been able to harness this

51 UNDP. 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 24 p. (https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda). 52 FAO. 2022. Practical guide for the Incorporation of the Intersectionality approach in sustainable rural development programmes and projects.

Santiago de Chile. (https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CC2823EN).53 Negra, C. et al. (2014). Brazil, Ethiopia, and New Zealand lead the way on climate-smart agriculture. BioMed Central: 10-15.

(https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-014-0019-8).54 Finer, M., S. Novoa, M. J. Weisse, R. Petersen, J. Mascaro, T. Souto, F. Stearns, and R. G. Martínez. (2018). Combating deforestation: From

satellite to intervention. Science: 360, 1303-1305. (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat1203).55 Mbow, C., C. Rosenzweig, L.G. Barioni, T.G. Benton, M. Herrero, M. Krishnapillai, E. Liwenga, P. Pradhan, M.G. Rivera-Ferre, T. Sapkota, F.N.

Tubiello, Y. Xu. (2019). Food Security. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia et al. (eds.). (https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/).

56 Finer, M., S. Novoa, M. J. Weisse, R. Petersen, J. Mascaro, T. Souto, F. Stearns, and R. G. Martínez. (2018). Combating deforestation: From satellite to intervention. Science: 360, 1303-1305. (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat1203).

57 University of Chile. (2022). Evaluación de impacto del programa sistema de incentivos para la sustentabilidad agroambiental de los suelos agropecuarios. Santiago, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Chile. 367 p.

58 Committee on World Food Security. (2014). Principles for responsible investment in agriculture and food systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 32 p. (https://www.fao.org/3/au866e/au866e.pdf).

59 Law 18.450. (1985 October 22). Fomento a la inversión privada en obras de riego y drenaje. Official Journal of the Republic of Chile.

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